The Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences (SJVS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal (P-ISSN: 2756-6803 (Print); e-ISSN: 3122-0487 (Online)) that publishes original research articles, review articles, short communications, and case reports in veterinary sciences and related disciplines. Published quarterly under the Creative Commons License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The journal (Previously - ISSN: 1117-6210 (Print)) provides a platform for the dissemination of high-quality scientific knowledge and innovations in veterinary medicine, animal health, animal production, public health, and allied fields. Submission of Manuscript Articles are published on the explicit understanding that they have neither been published nor are being considered for publication elsewhere and will not be published elsewhere including electronically in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the copyright-holder. Submission to Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences is considered by the Journal to mean that all the listed authors have gone through and agreed to all of the contents.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
Differential Modulation of IL-6 and IL-1β by Scalpel versus Electrocautery Excision Influences Wound Healing with Topical Metronidazole in Mice
This study investigated the inflammatory and histopathological outcomes of scalpel versus electrocautery skin excisions with adjunct topical metronidazole in mice. Group A underwent scalpel excision, Group B electrocautery excision, and Group C served as the control. All wounds received topical metronidazole. Systemic levels of interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) and interleukin‑1β (IL‑1β) were assayed by ELISA at multiple time points, and histopathological analysis of wound tissues was performed. Significant differences in inflammatory response and tissue healing were observed between groups. Group A exhibited a significant but transient increase in IL‑6 at 48 hours that resolved rapidly, suggesting a controlled inflammatory profile. In contrast, Group B showed a significant and sustained increase in IL‑1β, indicating a more intense and prolonged inflammatory reaction. Histological analysis confirmed that scalpel incisions resulted in superior tissue repair with enhanced collagen deposition and epithelialization, whereas electrocautery caused greater tissue disruption consistent with thermal damage. Topical metronidazole supported healing in both groups but did not fully mitigate the heightened inflammatory response triggered by electrocautery. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the immunomodulatory role of metronidazole in surgical wound healing. In conclusion, the choice of surgical instrument significantly impacts the biological pathway of healing. Scalpel incisions promote a more favorable, self‑limiting inflammatory response with superior tissue regeneration, whereas electrocautery incisions induce a stronger pro‑inflammatory state and delayed repair. These findings suggest that scalpel incisions may facilitate a more advantageous healing response when reducing inflammation is essential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saidu et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Anti-toxic Effect of Abelmoschus esculentus Leaf Diet on Monosodium Glutamate-induced Organ Dysfunctions and Genotoxicity
The potential of Abelmoschus esculentus leaf diet (AELD) in the reversal of Monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced toxicity was assessed in this study. Eighteen (18) female Wistar rats (95±5 g) were equally divided into three (3) groups (n=6). Group A was the control (given I mL/kg distilled water) while Group B rats were exposed to MSG at 1000 mg/kg body weight for 60 days, and Group C was fed with a 20% AELD in the last 30 days of MSG exposure. On the 61st day, all rats were sacrificed with their liver, kidneys, heart, and femurs harvested for serum biochemistry assay, histology, and determination of micronuclei formation frequency. MSG caused a significant (p<0.05) and non-significant (p>0.05) increase in the body weight change compared to the control and AELD-treated groups, respectively. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the liver, relative total kidneys, and heart weights of rats in all the experimental groups. However, MSG significantly (p<0.05) and non-significantly (p>0.05) increased creatinine and BUN levels, respectively, in the MSG-treated group when compared to the control. These increases were reversed by AELD in the AELD-treated group. In addition, ALT activity was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the MSG-exposed group compared to other groups. AELD significantly suppressed this ALT activity, including the MSG-induced micronuclei formation and macrophage infiltration in the bone marrow. The histopathology induced by MSG in the liver, kidneys, and hearts were not completely reversed by AELD in the AELD-treated rats. In conclusion, this study shows that Abelmoschus esculentus is a potential anti-toxic agent in reversing MSG-induced anomalies in the liver, kidneys, heart, and bone marrow of treated rats.
Copyright (c) 2026 AdeyeOluwa et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparison of Physiological Effects of Two Anesthetic Protocols in Rabbits Undergoing Orthopedic Surgery
Rabbits present unique anesthetic challenges due to their high metabolic rate, stress susceptibility, and increased perioperative mortality risk. The physiological effects of two injectable anesthetic protocols Midazolam-Ketamine (MK) and Xylazine-Ketamine (XK) in rabbits undergoing orthopedic Surgery (implant removal) are compared in this study. A total of six rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups (n=3 per group) to receive either MK (5 mg/kg midazolam + 20 mg/kg ketamine) or XK (5 mg/kg xylazine + 20 mg/kg ketamine) intramuscularly. At baseline and at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after induction, core temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate were measured. The results showed that the XK combination caused severe respiratory depression immediately after induction (mean difference: −23.33 breaths/min, 95% CI: −25.31 to −21.35) and considerable hypothermia, with a mean temperature difference of −3.37°C after 60 minutes (95% CI: −4.51 to −2.22). While the Midazolam-Ketamine (MK) combination provided better physiological stability in maintaining normothermia and respiratory function, the Xylazine-Ketamine (XK) protocol offered more effective postoperative analgesia despite causing significant hypothermia and respiratory depression. These findings suggest MK may be a safer option for routine use, whereas XK may be considered when analgesia is prioritized and adequate supportive care is ensured. Furthermore, in resource-limited circumstances, Xylazine-Ketamine remains a feasible alternative when complemented with active warming and respiratory monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mana et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Chickens Slaughtered at Biu Main Market, Borno State, Nigeria
Chicken remains the most intensively reared domesticated poultry species in the animal production industry in Africa. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July-November, 2024 in Biu Local Government, Borno State Nigeria to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with helminth infections in chickens slaughtered within the study area. A total of 384samples were collected and examined for gastrointestinal parasites using the flotation technique. The overall prevalence of 172 (44.8%) was observed and female chickens were more infected 105 (61%) than male 67(35%). Local breed were more infected 129 (67.1%) than exotic 43 (22.4%) and adult chickens were more infected 137(56%) than the young chicken 35(25.5%).The difference in prevalence rate between different sexes, breed and age of the chickens were statistically significant p<0.05.Five (5) nematodes species Ascaridia galli (67%), Heterakis gallinarum (12%) Capillaria spp (9%) and Syngamus trachea (5%), Strongyloides avium (4%) and two (2) cestodes species Choanotaenia infundibulum (2%) and Raillietina spp (1%) were found in both local and exotic. The study revealed a moderate prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth in the chickens slaughtered in the study area, therefore there is need for educating the farmers on the risk of gastrointestinal helminths infections on their chickens and the important of good management practices such as strategic deworming programs, improved hygiene and sanitations, better management practice as well as regular veterinary monitoring that will boost their productivity and welfare.
Copyright (c) 2026 Usman et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Sold for Human Consumption in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria: A Potential Public Health Concern
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of E. coli in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. A total of 300 samples were collected from three major fish markets. E. coli was isolated and identified based on morphological and biochemical tests using standard bacteriological procedures. Confirmed E. coli isolates were screened for antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. The zones of inhibition were interpreted in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing protocols. The overall prevalence of E. coli in African catfish was 14.0%. Location-specific prevalences of 12.0%, 14.0%, and 16.0% for the Tashan Bama Market, the Monday Market, and the Custom Market were detected, respectively. Skin samples had a significantly (p = 0.046) lower prevalence compared to intestinal samples. Almost all (97.6%) of the isolates were resistant to at least 2 or more different antibiotic agents, with the highest proportion (38.1%) being resistant to 7 antibiotic agents. Most of the isolates (61.9-92.9%) were resistant to pefloxacin, ampicillin, cefepime, tetracycline, augmentin, streptomycin and nalidixic acid. However, there was notable sensitivity to ofloxacin in several isolates (83.3%). Alarmingly, multidrug resistance was detected in 88.1% of isolates with an average MAR index of 0.62, indicating a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance among isolates recovered. To mitigate public health risk, strict hygienic practices in fish processing and marketing, public education on proper cooking, and the enforcement of rational antibiotic use in aquaculture are strongly recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Fetal Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita as a Cause of Dystocia in a 3-Year-Old Balami Ewe
This paper presents a case of dystocia due to Fetal Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita in a three-year-old Balami Ewe. The case was presented to Senator Ali Sheriff Veterinary Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State by a client who noticed unproductive labor for approximately three (3) hours after rupture of the water bag. Physical examination of the Ewe revealed presence of fetal head and thorax in anterior longitudinal presentation with extended forelimbs hanging through the vulva, however, the hind limb was lodged in the birth canal. A pedal and suckling reflexes were observed in the lamb and obstetrical examination revealed a tail and flexed hocks impacted within the birth canal. There was adequate pelvic dimension and spacing that allowed per-vaginum manoeuvring and traction for relieve of the dystocia. A live fetus was delivered although characterized with ankylosed joints of the hind limb, deformed lumbo-sacral vertebral column, kyphosis of the thoracic spines with very poor gait when the lamb attempts to stand. In addition, the dam was weak and required support in order to stand. Supportive therapy involved intravenous infusion of 5% Dextrose saline (500mL) and intramuscular injection of Diclofenac sodium given at 2.5mg/kg body weight. Oxytocin (10I.U) was administered intramuscularly to facilitate uterine involution and reduced post-parturient hemorrhage. The fetus was placed on colostrum obtained from the dam but died within 24 hours of birth; however, the supportive therapy was continued for the dam for 3 days’ post-partum. Follow-up assessments showed that the Ewe has regained a stable condition with no signs of retained fetal membranes, septicemia or metritis. The client was advised to avoid rebreeding the ewe and to use rams with proven reproductive histories for further breeding and genetic control
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita in Balami Ewe
Copyright (c) 2026 Asuku et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Amblyomma Tick Infestation and Occurrence of Haemogregarines in African Hinge-Back Tortoises in Ibadan, Nigeria
Tortoises are kept as pets in some homes and as side attraction in zoological gardens, but their usefulness could be limited by ectoparasite infestation. Ectoparasites cause harmful effects on their hosts, sometimes with high morbidity and mortality. Despite this, little attention has been paid to ectoparasite infestation in tortoises with potential extinction threat. Study was aimed at determining the presence and prevalence of tick infestation on African hinge-back tortoises (AHT) and evaluate their possible roles in the transmission of Haemogregarines, a common heamoparasites in Kinixys belliana and Kinixys homeana (African bell hinge-back and home hinge-back tortoises) obtained from major wildlife markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. In total, 120 tortoises (70 K. belliana and 50 K homeana) purchased at wildlife markets over a year during rainy and dry seasons were screened for ectoparasites but only ticks were found. Ticks were detached from tortoises, using a pair of forceps. Mean prevalence for each Kinixys belliana and Kinixys homeana group was determined and ticks were identified. The effects of sex, species, and season on parasite prevalence were evaluated using the Mann–Whitney U test and Pearson’s chi-square test. Data were quantified using correlation coefficient test. Level of significance was taken as 5%. Hard ticks Amblyomma species) were the only ectoparasites found on 54.0% of tortoises. Higher prevalence of Amblyomma was observed in Kinixys belliana (55.7%) than Kinixys homeana (52.0%). Male tortoises recorded higher prevalence (60.7%) than females (48.4%). Overall prevalence during rainy season was 55.0 and 53.3% in dry season. A comprehensive preventive health programme aimed at controlling ectoparasites such as ticks on tortoises in zoological gardens and in private facilities is hereby recommended.
Wildlife Ectoparasites, Haemogregarines, Kinixys belliana, Kinixys homeana, Amblyomma
Copyright (c) 2026 Adetunji and Adeyemo et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Fetal Malpresentation-Associated Dystocia, Complicated with Secondary Uterine Inertia in a Domestic Shorthair Queen
Dystocia in queens is a significant reproductive emergency, with high kitten mortality, often due to stillbirths. This case report describes the management of a 22-months-old pluriparous domestic shorthair breed queen presenting with dystocia after successfully delivering two viable kittens, followed by a retained dead fetus. Clinical examination and ultrasonography confirmed fetal death, with the hanging fetus found in the birth canal. Obstetrical management; digital manipulation failed due to secondary uterine inertia likely caused by fetal malpresentation. As an alternative to cesarean section, an en-bloc ovariohysterectomy was performed to remove both the hanging and intrauterine deceased fetuses, thereby permanently eliminating the queen’s reproductive capability. Postoperative care included antibiotics, analgesics, and wound management. The case accentuates the importance of early diagnosis, timely surgical intervention, and effective post-operative care in managing dystocia, particularly in cases involving fetal death and uterine inertia. The successful use of en-bloc ovariohysterectomy as an alternative to cesarean section demonstrates its effectiveness in resolving severe dystocia and permanently addressing reproductive issues, particularly when conventional obstetric methods such as digital manipulation fail. This surgical approach offers a viable alternative to cesarean section in managing severe dystocia, reducing the risk of further complications such as uterine rupture and infection
feline dystocia, malpresentation, fetal death, uterine inertia, en-bloc ovariohystorectomy
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Case of Dystocia due to Thoraco-Omphalopagus Twins in a 3-Year-Old Red Sokoto Doe
A pair of conjoined twins (thoraco-omphalopagus) in red Sokoto goat was delivered through manual traction, after a prolong period of labor that lasted for over 18 hours, after antepartum diagnosis, some bloody discharges were seen coming out of the vulva. Upon clinical examination all vital parameters were within normal range, the animal was weak and in pain. Obstetrical examination revealed non-progressive straining, the cervix was dilated with fetus part palpable at the cervical entrance. In an effort to deliver the fetus, another fetus was noticed attached to the first fetus, which happened to be conjoined twins, and they were delivered successfully using manual traction. The conjoined fetuses were physically examined. the conjoined fetuses, weighing 2kg, were both male and fused from the thorax to the abdominal cavity, with separate heads, limbs, and genital organs. X-ray disclosed the point of fusion where the two fused at the thoracic region medially, from the first to last coastal bone, each fetus was having independent forelimb. In addition, post-mortem examination revealed fusion at the costal cartilage, shared diaphragm, independent well-developed (hearts, lungs, and genital organs), but shared abdominal cavity with independent organs, except for the liver. In conclusion, timely use of advanced diagnostic tools (X-ray or ultra sound) in the diagnosis of congenital abnormalities like conjoined twins is of great essence in managing the condition and for the survival of the dam and the fetuses, its better to proceed with elective cesarean section when the conjoined fetuses are at term, rather than manipulative delivery
Copyright (c) 2026 Zagga et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Case Report of Bovine Tuberculosis at Ubakala Slaughterhouse, Abia State, Nigeria
Bovine tuberculosis poses a significant threat to public health as humans become infected via consumption of meat or milk of infected animals. The report of a case of bovine tuberculosis during routine meat inspection at the Ubakala Slaughterhouse in Abia State, aims at providing insights into disease surveillance and control measures. Routine postmortem inspection of slaughtered cattle involving observation, palpation and incision of organs and examination of the carcass were carried out. Findings in this case report were based on gross examination and post-mortem lesions observed from the affected carcass. Postmortem examination revealed presence of tuberculous lesions and caseous nodules in lungs of the slaughtered cow. Incision into the lobes of the lungs gave a gritty sound revealing more caseous nodules. While the gross lesions observed provide valuable preliminary evidence suggestive of bovine tuberculosis, the absence of laboratory confirmation limits definitive diagnosis. Strengthening bovine tuberculosis control programs remains essential for safeguarding public health, improving livestock productivity, and ensuring the safety of the meat supply chain
Bovine, Postmortem inspection, Tuberculosis
Copyright (c) 2026 Akpabio and Edward https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Case Report of Mixed Infestation of Menacanthus stramineus and Menopon gallinae in Commercial Pullets in Ibadan, Nigeria
The poultry industry is crucial to Nigeria’s agricultural economy, significantly supporting food security and income. However, ectoparasitic infestations remain a major obstacle to maximizing productivity. This case report details a mixed infestation of two lice species Menacanthus stramineus (M. stramineus) and Menopon gallinae (M. gallinae) in a flock of 500 commercial pullets in Ibadan, Nigeria, focusing on clinical signs, parasitological results, and treatment approaches. Clinical examinations showed infestation in a greater population. Examination of 50 birds shows M. stramineus in 92% and M. gallinae in 68%, with 60% hosting both lice. Average lice counts were 11 to 18 per bird, respectively. Treatment involved applying a pyrethrin-based insecticide powder topically, with a second application after 10 days. Environmental cleaning and improved husbandry practices were also adopted to prevent reinfestation and eliminate lice from the farm. Mixed lice infestations can seriously harm poultry health and output. Timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and strict biosecurity are vital for sustainable poultry management
Copyright (c) 2026 Ojo et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Histomorphological Changes in the Thyroid Gland of Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) Exposed to Different Photoperiod Regimens and Exogenous Melatonin
Investigations established that birds used photoperiod to predict and adjust seasonal changes in their environment through predictive changes. Understanding the interaction of photoperiods and exogenous melatonin will provide information on physiological activities and guide in better poultry management. In this study, thirty matured male helmeted guinea fowls were utilized. They were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10) of different photoperiodic regimes: short-day (SD; 8L:16D), control (CTR; 12L:12D) and long-day (LD; 16L:8D). Each of these groups was further divided into two groups: melatonin (Mel; 1 mg/kg) or without melatonin. The experiment lasted for a period of eight weeks. The results obtained from the SD + Mel group showed that the thyroidal follicles were lined by simple squamous follicular cells and serrated edges, while the SD without Mel had smooth follicular edges with similar lining. The LD + Mel and LD without Mel appeared normal, with similar histological features observed in the CTR; the lining was dominated with simple cuboidal epithelium with very few squamous cells. The follicular diameter across the groups was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). The LD + Mel group had the largest follicular diameter, while the lowest was in SD without melatonin. The thyroid glands were both positive for Periodic Acid Schiff and Alcian Blue with varied percentage of positive areas. Overall, the activity of the thyroid gland in the guinea fowl is influenced by long photoperiod and exogenous melatonin. Its influence on the thyroid glands mimics the reproductively active phase of the guinea fowl.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gosomji et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Polyalthia Longifolia Ameliorates Isoprenaline-Induced Myocardial Toxicity via Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Wistar Rats
Cardiovascular disease conditions, such as myocardial infarction (MI), are prominent contributors to global mortality. Isoprenaline induces acute myocardial damage and infarction. Polyalthia longifolia (PL), has been reported to possess various potential health benefits. Thus, this study evaluated the protective role of the phenol-rich fraction of PL leaf on isoprenaline (ISO)-mediated myocardial infarction in rats. Forty male Wistar rats (265±15g) were randomly and equally grouped into five (n=8). Group A (control) received I mL/kg distilled water, B: ISO at 90 mg/kg, C: vitamin C (Vit C) at 100 mg/kg and ISO, and D and E: PL at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively and ISO. Treatment was done orally and lasted for 13 consecutive days except for ISO which was given subcutaneously on the 13th day. Blood pressure was monitored following acclimatisation. The whole blood and the heart tissue were collected and analysed for antioxidants, inflammation, oxidative stress markers, and histopathology. Isoprenaline increased blood pressure parameters in group B. These parameters were reversed in Vit-C and PL-exposed groups. Isoprenaline significantly (p<0.05) induced oxidative stress and inflammation, and reduced antioxidant markers in group B. Vit C and PLameliorated the isoprenaline-induced toxicity in groups C, D, and E. ISO induced inflammatory cells, infarction, and oedema in the heart tissue in group B. These changes were mildly reversed in Vit-C and PL-treated rats. In conclusion, Polyalthia longifolia phenol-rich fraction mitigated isoprenaline-induced myocardial toxicity in rats, demonstrating effects comparable to those of Vitamin C.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Occurrence of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Antibodies amongst Goats in Rivers State Abattoirs
Despite mounting evidence that small ruminants have a role in disease transmission, the epidemiological status for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Nigeria is inadequate and under-reported. In this study, we looked at the seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease virus in goat species in Port Harcourt, River State. A total of 356 blood samples from goats were obtained during slaughter at seven different abattoirs in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Samples were processed and analysed for FMD using an in-house 3ABC competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), as well as serotypes A, O, SAT 1, and SAT 2 specific ELISA. An overall seroprevalence of 37.1% (32.21 - 42.1) for FMD was recorded. The seroprevalence based on location revealed a higher prevalence in Emenike 85.2% (Cl: 73.8 - 92.9), followed by Ruememe 60% (CI: 46.4 - 73.6), Mile3 54.0% (Cl: 41.6 - 66.0), Aluu 42% (Cl: 28.2 - 56.0), Rumokoro 38.7% (Cl: 26.0 - 52.9), Choba 29.3% (Cl: 16.9 - 44.5) respectively while, Rumosi had the least seroprevalence of 8.2% (Cl: 2.6-18.5). This study also detected the circulation of FMD virus serotype O. The study demonstrates high seroprevalence of FMD in goats. Thus, a comprehensive surveillance and vaccination campaign is required to check the silent amplification and transmission of the virus to other animals
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Testosterone, Serum Biochemistry and Performance of ISA Brown Cockerels (Gallus gallus domesticus)
This study investigated the effects of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) supplementation on testosterone, serum biochemistry, haematology, growth performance, and organ development in ISA Brown cockerels. Fifteen cockerels (six weeks old, 200–300 g) were randomly assigned to three groups designated A, B and C (n=5). Group A served as the control while groups B and C received 5 g/kg and 10 g/kg of SC respectively. Birds were fed standard grower mash for six weeks under uniform conditions. Testosterone was analyzed using a commercial (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit, while serum biochemistry was assessed with an automated analyzer. Feed and water intake were monitored, and body weight was recorded weekly. Testosterone level was significantly higher (p<0.05) in group B. Supplemented groups showed improved urea levels and electrolyte profiles; however, group C had elevated creatinine and AST levels. Platelet counts increased significantly with dosage, while other haematological parameters remained unaffected. Feed intake and weight gain were significantly higher in group C from week 2 to 4 and from week 3 onward, respectively. Testicular weights increased in both supplemented groups, with the highest values in group C. In conclusion, SC supplementation at 5 g/kg improved testosterone level and physiological status, while 10 g/kg enhanced growth and testicular development but may induce metabolic strain. These findings highlight the importance of dose optimization to balance performance benefits with animal health.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cockerels, reproductive hormones, serum biochemistry, weight gain, testicular development
Copyright (c) 2025 Agbonu et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Molecular Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolates from Live Bird Markets and Commercial Farms in Zaria, Nigeria, based on Partial Fusion Genee
This study focused on characterizing Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) isolates previously obtained from live bird markets and commercial poultry farms in Zaria and environs. Ten NDV isolates, six from local chickens in live bird markets and four from exotic chickens, were isolated between November 2014 and January 2015. The isolates were collected for molecular study. They were amplified using RT-PCR, followed by sequencing of partial F gene. Eight of the ten isolates were successfully sequenced. The results indicated that all the NDV sequences were virulent based on their cleavage site motifs within the F gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed significant divergence (>20%) between these strains and commonly used vaccine strains like La Sota, V4, and Komarov. Notably, all analyzed NDVs grouped within sub-genotype XIVb during phylogenetic clustering, displaying shared amino acid substitutions across different positions relative to other members of this sub-genotype. These findings offer insights into potential reasons behind NDV vaccine failures by highlighting genetic differences among circulating strains versus those used in vaccines- a rationale warranting further investigation through challenge studies to improve vaccine efficacy against emerging NDV variants.
Live Bird Markets; Newcastle Disease Virus; Sequence analysis; Sub-genotype XIVb
Copyright (c) 2025 T. M. Hamisu, M. Y. Shettima, H. M. Kazeem, L. Saidu, K. A. Majiyagbe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Retrospective Evaluation of the Radiographic Pulmonary Patterns in Small Animals in Ahmadu Bello University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Zaria from 2017-2024
Radiographic examination of the lung parenchyma is crucial in the clinical diagnosis of respiratory diseases and its interpretation can be challenging. The radiographic pattern of pulmonary diseases assists because these patterns can be strategized into various forms for specific differential diagnoses. This study aimed to evaluate the radiographic pulmonary patterns in small animals presented at Ahmadu Bello University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Zaria with complaints of respiratory diseases from 2017 to 2024. Two-dimensional thoracic radiographs of small animals were obtained as primary data from the archive of selected cases in the Diagnostic Imaging Center of Ahmadu Bello University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Zaria. A total of 70 thoracic radiographs were collected using a random sampling method, out of which, only 30 radiographs were observed with radiographic patterns in both dogs and cats. Of the 30 cases, 25 (83.3%) were dogs and 5 (16.7%) were cats. The pulmonary patterns observed in dogs were bronchial 7 (23.3%), alveolar 6 (20%), vascular 5 (16.7%), interstitial 2 (6.7%) and mixed patterns 5 (16.7%). While, the pulmonary patterns observed in cats were alveolar 2 (6.7%), vascular 1 (3.3%), and mixed patterns 2 (6.7%). From the results of this study’s radiographic pulmonary patterns, bronchial pattern was the most common radiographic pulmonary pattern in dogs. While alveolar and mixed patterns were the most common radiographic pulmonary pattern in cats.
Radiographic Pulmonary Patterns; Thoracic Radiographs; Small Animals
Copyright (c) 2025 M. N. Bappah, A. A. Bada, S. Muhammad, M. Lawal, I. S. Lawan, I. Sule, J. C. Nnachi, G. Bilbonga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Influence of Dietary Solid-state Fermented Wheat Offal on Haematological and Serum Biochemical Indices of Broiler Chickens
This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary solid-state fermented wheat offal (SOSFWO) on haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens. A total of one hundred and eighty (180) broiler chickens (Cobb 500) aged 1- 7 weeks were distributed to six experimental units of 30 birds. Each unit was subdivided into three subunits of ten birds each in a completely randomized design. The SOSFWO was used to formulate six diets, it was included at 0, 5, 10 15, 20 and 25% of the diets. Blood samples were collected and analysed for haematological and serum biochemical parameters. Data generated was subjected to one way analysis of variance significant differences were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test. The findings showed significant (p≤0.05) increase in white blood corpuscles and lymphocyte as the level of SOSFWO increases. Similarly, serum albumin was significantly (p≤0.05) higher in the groups fed 5-25% SOSFWO compared to the control. Globulin was lower (p≤0.05) in chickens fed 20 and 25% SOSFWO. Alanine-amino transference (ALAT) was lowest (p≤0.05) in the 25% SOSFWO group. It was concluded from this study that dietary SOSFWO had no negative effect on haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens.
Fermented wheat offal; hematology, serum bio chemistry; broiler chickens
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulazeez et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessment of Rabies Knowledge Gaps and Management of Dog Bite Wound among Dog Handlers in Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria
Rabies is a zoonotic disease with virtually 100% case fatality rate but preventable with early administration of post exposure prophylaxes rabies vaccine to the bite victim. The objectives of this study were to assess the awareness on rabies, modes of transmission, preventive measures, and their rate of exposure to dog bites among dog handlers. The work was carried out in five Local government areas of Gombe State. Ninety-one structured questionnaire was administered by face-to-face interviews in the commonly spoken local dialect (Hausa) to dog handlers. The questionnaire covered information on demographic characteristics, awareness toward rabies and their rate of exposure to dog bites. Only 28 (30.8%) of the respondents were informed that rabies could be fatal; 56 (61.5%) respondents were aware that dog handlers faced risks of rabies infection. Of the participants, eighty-seven (95.6%) recognized that dog bites are responsible for the transmission of rabies; nonetheless, 42 (46.2%) had experienced cuts, and 38 (41.8%) had been splashed with nerves/blood during the processing of raw dog meat. Only 13 respondents (14.3%) were aware of the appropriate management for dog bite wounds in the most severe circumstances. Sixty responders (67.8%) were bitten by dogs, although none received post-exposure vaccination. Approximately 89.3% of the respondents favored the non-conventional way for treating dog bite wounds. Therefore, knowledge on the possible risk of exposure, dog bite wound treatment, post exposure rabies vaccination and preventive measures of rabies need to be improved. An adequate awareness of rabies is very crucial in controlling
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic in Beef, Mutton, and Chevon from Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, Yobe State, Nigeria
This study was carried out to evaluate the levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in beef, mutton, and Chevon meant for human consumption in some Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Northern Yobe within the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, Nigeria. A total of 31 meat samples were randomly collected from abattoirs, slaughter slabs, and meat vendors comprising 12 (28.7%) from Gashua, 8(25.8%) from Jakusko, and 11 (35.5%) from Nguru LGAs respectively. Both species and sex of the slaughtered animals were noted during sampling. The samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) following microwave-assisted digestion. There were 7 (22.6%) beef, 9 (29.0%) mutton, and 15 (48.4%) Chevon samples. The overall concentrations (mean±SEM) of Cd, Pb, and As in the beef, mutton, and Chevon were 1.560±0.43 ppm, 1.047±0.41 ppm, and 0.403±0.14 ppm; 1.330±0.37 ppm, 0.926±0.33 ppm, and 0.167 ±0.07 ppm; and 1.849±0.21 ppm 1.274±0.20 ppm, and 0.734±0.38 ppm respectively. There is no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in heavy metals burden among the LGA nor the meat types nonetheless, all the mean values were above the regulatory limits. The overall sex-specific mean concentrations for Cd, Pb, and As were 1.544±0.26, 1.030±0.26 and 0.170 ±0.63 in males and 1.659±0.22, 1.149±0.19 and 0.589±0.24 in females respectively. The mean concentrations of Cd and Pb in the studied meat are above the maximum residue limits. There is a need to identify the sources of Cd and Pb in the studied meat, also human studies are essential to determine the possible implications of consuming meat from the area
Heavy metals; Meat; Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, Yobe State
Copyright (c) 2025 Gashua et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Age, Sex, Breed and Activity-Related Effects on Some Haematological Parameters of Horses in South Western Nigeria
Haematological parameters are good indicators of the physiological status used by equine practitioners for health assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influences of sex, age, breed and activity on haematological parameters of apparently healthy horses from three South-western states in Nigeria. Blood samples from 100 apparently healthy horses with age ranges from 1 to 18 years old, both sexes, mixed breeds, and engaged in different activities were obtained for hematological analysis and erythrocyte osmotic fragility test. The results showed that the haematological values are comparable with normal reference values for horses. The age, sex, breed and activities had exerted some effect on the hematological values with significantly (p<0.05) higher hemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and white blood cells count (WBC) in the stallions than mares. Older horses had significantly (p<0.05) lower Hb and MCH values than younger ones. The Nigerian Local horse (indigenous) and the cross breed had significantly (p<0.05) higher Hb and MCHC. Horse used for recreation activities had significantly (p<0.05) higher values when compared with other horse activities. Similarly, horse activities influenced the erythrocyte osmotic fragility. In conclusion, this study showed that the haemogram values for horses from South-western Nigeria are within the acceptable reference values for horses. Some effect of sex, age, breed and activities were observed on the haematological parameters of the horse with stallions, the indigenous, their cross breed and those engaged in recreational activities having significantly higher Hb, MCH, MCHC and WBC values.
Hematology; Erythrocyte indices; Horse: South-Western Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2025 A. M. Mayaki , Y. I. Likita, O. A. Alaba, Adah Osereime, O. O. Akinniyi , T. F. Ajani , O. I. Azeez, A. A. Oyagbemi, D. O. Omoniwa , O. G. Ohore, T. O. Omobowale (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Gross and Histological Studies of the Uterus of Sahel Goat (Capra hircus)
Sahel goats are regarded as important breeds of goats widely distributed in West Africa and are easily recognized through their reproductive performance and physical appearance. This study aimed to investigate the gross and histological characteristics of 35 uteri of female Sahel goats aged 24 - 42 months, weighing between 30kg - 40kg respectively. The procedure was carried out at the Large Animal Clinic, University of Maiduguri Veterinary Teaching Hospital, following a successful ovariohysterectomy of 35 does at postpartum (days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28). The uterus was then processed for morphological and histological studies at the postgraduate research laboratory, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Maiduguri. The harvested uterus appeared as large hollow organ, pear-shaped and dark red in colour. The shape and conformation of placentomes differed on postpartum days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. The lumen was observed, showing the presence of dark fluid. Histologically, the luminal epithelium in the caruncular area of the endometrium appeared taller and more folded at postpartum days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28, consisting of simple columnar epithelium. The stroma showed numerous glands that are more tortuous and elongated in shape, with numerous blood vessels and lymphocytes at postpartum days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. This study observed significant changes in the gross morphology and histological structure of the uterus throughout the postpartum period, including reductions in uterine size, epithelial remodeling, and alterations in glandular and muscular layers.
Anatomy;Histology; Involution; Sahel goat; Uterus
Copyright (c) 2025 Y. B. Majama, A. M. Wulgo, S. Burah, M.B. Mahre, H.D. Kwari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Suspected Brucellosis in Two Sokoto Gudali Bulls
In the process of daily routine operation at the Funtua abattoir, Katsina State, two adult Sokoto Gudali bulls were presented for slaughter. Close investigation during ante mortem examination revealed the bulls with swellings on their carpal joints. Further enquiry revealed long standing history of abortion and retained placenta in their herds. A decision to delay slaughter of the bulls was made till after the day’s activities. A decision was also made to collect blood without EDTA and hygroma fluid from the affected joints for screening of brucellosis at the Bacterial Zoonoses Laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The results from the serologicaltest indicated that the two bulls have evidence Brucella antibodies. Slaughter of the bulls was carried out and the knees of the bulls condemned. The State Veterinary Services was then alerted for necessary action. Presence of hygroma may be considered as evidence of brucellosis in the herd. The owners were advised not to breed such animals in future.
Brucellosis, Sokoto Gudali, abattoir, Funtua
Copyright (c) 2025 S. Ja'afaru, S.N.A. Saidu, B.Y. Kaltungo, M. Babashani, A. M. Ahmad, Y.M. Suleiman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Concurrent Infections of Poultry with Chicken Infectious Anaemia and Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses in Maiduguri, Nigeria: A Seroprevalence Study
Chicken infectious anaemia virus (CAV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) are significant pathogens causing severe economic losses in the global poultry industry. In this study, serum samples from village chickens, broilers, layers, ducks, turkeys and geese in Maiduguri were tested for CAV and IBDV antibodies using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among the 944 serum samples tested, 309 (32.7%) were seropositive for concurrent CAV and IBDV antibodies. The species distribution showed 29.9% (120/401) village chickens, 23.1% (12/52) layers, 46% (144/313) broilers, 21.3% (27/127) turkeys, 3.4% (1/29) ducks, and 22.7% (5/22) geese were positive for both CAV and IBDV antibodies. The sex distribution of the mixed CAV and IBDV seropositive samples showed an overall seroprevalence rates of 36.6% and 25.7% among males and females respectively. This study highlights the widespread presence of CAV and IBDV infections among poultry species in Maiduguri. Further research is needed to evaluate the economic impact and the cost-effectiveness of control measures.
Chicken Anaemia Virus; Infectious Bursal Disease Virus; Poultry; Seroprevalence
Copyright (c) 2025 Y. M. Shettima , T. M. Hamisu, M. U. Sajo, H. I. Gambo, M. B. Abubakar, A. D. El-Yuguda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Post-mortem Diagnosis of Small Colon Polythene-fecalith Impaction-induced Colic in a 5-year-old Local Stallion (Equus ferus caballus)
A necropsy was performed on a 5-year-old local stallion (Equus ferus caballus) weighing about 290 kg stabled adjacent to a household waste dump site. The horse was reportedly restless and anorexic with constipation some 72 hours before death. Other signs before death included pyrexia, bruxism, hyperpnoea, congested mucous membranes, and enlarged abdomen. The stallion had hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and congested lungs with ecchymotic haemorrhage on the coronary fat of the heart. There was congestion of the serosal surface of the anterior one-third of the small intestine with enlarged caecum containing granular semi-solid materials. Also, the small colon was progressively ballooned until it became wholly obstructed by an oval-shaped polythene-fecalith mass weighing about 300 g and at a point about 35 cm to the anal opening. The finding led to a definitive diagnosis of polythene-fecalith impaction of the small colon-induced colic in the horse. This has highlighted the dangers associated with inadequate nutrition, unsanitary stabling of horses and lack of exercise in the pathogenesis of some colic conditions in horses.
Equus ferus caballus; pathology; polythene-fecalith; small colon impaction
Copyright (c) 2025 S.E. Abalaka, J. S. Akinbobola, S. Z. Tags, S. O. Okaiyeto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Juvenile, Nursing Mothers and Pregnant West African Dwarf Goats Raised in Sub-Saharan Africa
This study evaluated hematological and serum biochemical profiles of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats across different physiological stages; juveniles, nursing mothers, and pregnant does, reared under identical intensive management. Fifteen healthy goats (n = 5 per group) were monitored over six weeks in Ibadan, Nigeria. Blood samples were analyzed weekly for packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), red and white blood cell counts (RBC, WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), total protein (TP), albumin, globulin, liver enzymes (AST, ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and glucose. Pregnant goats exhibited significantly higher PCV (33.8 ± 4.2%), Hb (12.1 ± 1.2 g/dL), WBC (13.2 ± 2.5 × 10⁹/L), TP (8.1 ± 0.9 g/dL), AST (329.9 ± 45.2 U/L), ALP (246.8 ± 35.7 U/L), and BUN (26.2 ± 3.4 mg/dL) compared to juveniles and nursing mothers (p < 0.05). RBC counts (10.9–11.5 × 10¹²/L), MCV (19.9–20.1 fL), MCH (5.9–6.4 pg), creatinine (1.2–1.8 mg/dL), and glucose (86.1–90.2 mg/dL) remained relatively stable across groups. Our results highlight clear stage-dependent hematological and biochemical adaptations during pregnancy and early life emphasizing the inadequacy of generalized adult reference intervals and the need for physiological-stage-specific thresholds in WAD goats. Adoption of cohort-specific reference values will enhance diagnostic precision, support targeted nutritional planning, and improve herd health management under intensive systems.
Intensive farming; Hematology; Pregnancy; Serum biochemistry; West African Dwarf goats
Copyright (c) 2025 A. K. Olaifa, A. Ariyibi, A. A. Usman, O. S. Olaifa, S. Balogun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Prevalence of Hydatid Cysts in Slaughtered Sheep and Goats in Katsina, Katsina Sate, Nigeria
Hydatidosis, caused by the larval stage of Taenia and Echinococcus species, is a significant zoonotic disease affecting livestock and humans, leading to public health concerns and economic losses in endemic regions. A cross-sectional study conducted from July to August, 2024 at the Katsina Metropolitan abattoir using purposeful sampling approach to determine the prevalence and hydatid cysts in small ruminants. A total of 250 sheep and goats comprising 74 sheep and 176 goats, presented for slaughter at the abattoir daily were considered as subjects for the study. Among these, 87.9% of sheep and 66.5% of goats were female. The overall prevalence of hydatid cysts was 12.8%, with 9.5% of sheep and 14.2% of goats infected. Prevalence by sex showed 2.0% in males and 10.8% in females, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). Age-specific prevalence ranged from 1.6% in animals 6–12 months to 6.4% in those 25–36 months, with no significant differences amongst age groups (p > 0.05). Similarly, there was no significant difference in breed-specific prevalence, with Balami and Yankasa sheep showing 9.5% and 9.4%, and Red Sokoto, Kano Brown, and Sahel goats showing 17.5%, 9.1%, and 15.4%, respectively. Cyst distribution was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in intestines (80.0%) and livers (42.9%) in both species. Fertility of cysts was 100% in goat lungs and 75.0% and 66.6% in sheep and goat livers, respectively. Viability was 25.0% in sheep and 50.0% in goats, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). The study concludes that sheep and goats in Katsina are infected with Taenia parasites, resulting in fertile and viable cysts of public health and economic concern. Recommendations include further studies to identify tapeworm species and public education on disease prevention to mitigate health and economic losses in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. Jaafar, S. N. A. Saidu, M. Babashani, A. Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Expression Profiles of IFN- γ, IL-2 and IL-1β Genes in Village Chickens Naturally Infected with Chicken Anaemia Virus
The cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-1β play crucial roles in the immune response against viral infections in chickens. Conventional PCR was conducted using primers that can specifically detect chicken anaemia virus (CAV). The expression levels of these cytokines in village poultry that were infected with CAV was investigated using Reverse Transcriptase Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Tissue samples (thymus, liver, bursa of Fabricius and spleen) were collected from village poultry in Nigeria and pooled, and the tissues from each bird were pooled and subsequently subjected to RT-qPCR to determine the expression levels of IFN- γ, IL-2 and IL-1β genes. The result showed an up-regulation of these cytokine genes. Interferon gamma helps in establishing antiviral state in chickens, while IL-2 and IL-1β enhance T cell responses and inflammatory responses, respectively. In viral infections, these cytokines work together to orchestrate an effective immune response. Therefore, understanding the interplay of these cytokines is important for developing strategies that will enhance immune response in chickens particularly against viral infections.
Chicken anaemia virus; Cytokines;Gene expression;Village chicken; Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2025 Y. M. Shettima, H. I. Gambo, M. U. Sajo, M. B. Abubuakar, A. D. El-Yuguda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Influence of Oleic Acid Supplementation on Reproductive and Immune Parameters in Diet-Unrestricted Female Wistar Rats
This study aimed to evaluate the immunoreproductive and endocrine effects of exogenous oleic acid in mature female Wistar rats on an unrestricted diet. Eighteen mature Wistar rats with normal oestrous cycles were randomly divided into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups (low-dose and high-dose), each consisting of six rats. For three weeks, the rats in the experimental groups received daily oral doses of oleic acid at either 500 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg of body weight. In contrast, the control group received 0.5 ml of distilled water. After the treatment, the oestrous cyclicity, serum hormone levels, reproductive organ weights, and blood parameters were analysed through a full blood count. The results showed no significant changes (p > 0.05) in oestrous cyclicity, serum oestrogen, progesterone, or luteinizing hormone levels. However, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the weight of the relative reproductive tract, as well as in the number of mid-cells and neutrophils. Conversely, there was a substantial decrease (p < 0.05) in the relative lymphocyte count. Overall, the research indicated that oleic acid does not influence oestrous cyclicity or levels of serum oestrogen, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone in rats on an unrestricted diet. However, it does appear to have immunoregulatory effects on inflammatory cells.
Female reproductive organ; Immune response; Oleic acid; Steroid hormones; Unrestricted diet; Wistar rats
Copyright (c) 2025 Chibuogwu et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Temporal Pattern of Elution of Newcastle disease virus (V4 and Komarov strains) Following Haemagglutination of Chicken and Guinea Pig Erythrocytes
The temporal pattern of elution of V4 and Komarov strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) following haemagglutination of chicken and guinea pig red blood cells (RBCs) was investigated at different temperature conditions (4ᵒC, 25ᵒC, 37ᵒC and 45ᵒC). Chicken and guinea pig RBCs were haemagglutinated with V4 and Komarov strains of NDV and the haemagglutinated RBCs were centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 5 minutes and the packed cells re-suspended in PBS, incubated at different temperatures and time intervals, centrifuged and the supernatants used to haemagglutinate fresh 2.5% suspension of chicken and guinea pig RBCs. The rate of elution of the two NDV strains increased with increase in incubation temperature against either RBC types. Significant elution pattern of the two virus strains were observed between the incubation temperatures of 45ᵒC compared to 4ᵒC and 25ᵒC using chicken RBC and between 45ᵒC and 4ᵒC using guinea pig RBC. Significant differences (≥4 fold rise in HA titre) in elution patterns between the chicken and guinea pig RBCs was only exhibited by the NDV Komarov strain at 37ᵒC and 45ᵒC. Only the chicken RBC showed notable difference in elution pattern between the two viruses at 4ᵒC. Maximum elution was recorded at 90-120 minutes of incubation, for both virus strains using the two RBCs and different incubation temperatures with the exception of NDV V4 at 45ᵒC using chicken RBC. Both virus strains demonstrated least elution at 4ᵒC and maximum elution at 45ᵒC using either RBC type. The 4ᵒC incubation temperature did not exhibit significant (≤4 fold rise in HA titre) elution by either virus strains against the different RBC types. In conclusion, the two NDV strains (Komarov and V4) were observed to elute from haemagglutinated chicken and guinea pig RBCs with increase in temperatures, with optimal elutions demonstrated at 45ᵒC and for 90 – 120 minutes of incubation and least elution at 4ᵒC throughout the period of incubation.
Newcastle disease virus V4 and Komarov strains, haemagglutination and elution, chicken and guinea pig RBCs
NDV haemagglutination and elution pattern
Copyright (c) 2025 A. D. El-Yuguda, A. B. Nabi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0