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Abstract
Body and craniofacial measurements are essential tools in identifying species and characterising their external traits. Body surface measurements were obtained from six African pangolins (Manistricuspis) – 3 males and 3 females. Facial and body measurements obtained from the pangolins revealed that the females had higher averages for body weight, body length and girth. The dimensions of the head showed that the males had a wider zygoma. Also, the manus and arm (humerus) in the females were longer (27.52±3.80 mm and 59.69±3.54 mm respectively) than in the males (26.95±3.35 mm and 50.68±10.22 mm respectively), while the lengths of the arm and the leg (all its components) were longer in the males. Data obtained from this study may provide basic information in assessing and comparing other species of the pangolin, and find application in archaeological, forensic and comparative anatomy of wildlife.
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References
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References
Adekanmbi, A.J., Adekanmbi, A.A. and Akinola, O.B. (2016). Short Wavelength Cone Opsin Is Not Expressed in the Retina of Arboreal African Pangolin (Manis tricuspis). Scientifica, 2016, 5 pages. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1535490
Adekanmbi, A.J. and Akinola, O.B. (2017) Eye Morphometrics and Retinal Organization in the Arboreal African Pangolin Supports Nocturnality. Arch. Bas Appl Med., 56 pages.
Adeniyi, P.A.O. (2010). Morphometric analysis of tongue and dentition in hedgehogs and pangolins. Eur. J. Anat., 14 (3): 149–152.
Adetona, M.O., andShokunbi, M.T. (2019). Quantitative anthropometric and dermatoglyphicvariation of the major ethnic populations in Nigeria. J. Exp Cl.Anat., 18:55-62 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jeca.jeca_33_18
Boakye, M.K., Pietersen, D.W., Kotzé, A.,Dalton, D-L., Jansen, R. (2015). Knowledge and Uses ofAfrican Pangolins as a Source of Traditional Medicinein Ghana. PLoS ONE 10(1):e0117199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117199
Catania, K.C., Collins, C.E. and Kaas, J.H. (2000) Organization of sensory cortex in the East African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris). J. Comp. Neurol., 421 (2): 256–274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(20000529)421:2<256::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-Y
Dyce K.M., Sack W.O., and Wensing C.J.G. (2002). Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 3rd edition, Saunders.
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8th edition. National Research Council (US) Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011.ISBN-13: 978-0-309-15400-0ISBN-10: 0-309-15400-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54050/
Igado, O.O. (2014). A Study of the Craniofacial Morphometry of the Nigerian Local Dog. J. Sc. Res., 131–4.
Igado, O.O. (2011). Gross morphometric study of the eyeball and tongue of the Nigerian local dog. IJAE. 116 (1): 104–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-1098
Igado, O.O. and Aina, O.O. (2010) Some aspects of the neurometrics and oculometrics of the japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in Nigeria. J. Morph. Sc., 27 (3–4): 133–135.
Igado, O.O., Omobowale, T.O., Ajadi, R.A. and Nottidge, H.O. (2012). Craniofacial morphometrics and macro-neurometrics of the fruit bat(Eidolon Helvum). Eur. J. Anat., 16 (3): 172–176.
Imam, A., Ajao, M.S., Bhagwandin, A., Ihunwo, A.O. and Manger, P.R. (2017). The brain of the tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis). I. General appearance of the central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol., 525 (11): 2571–2582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.24222
Imam, A., Bhagwandin, A., Ajao, M.S. and Manger, P.R. (2019). The brain of the tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis). V . The diencephalon and hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol., 527(15): 2413-2439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.24619
Kawashima, T., Thorington, R.W., Bohaska, P.W., Chen, Y.J. and Sato, F. (2015) Anatomy of Shoulder Girdle Muscle Modifications and Walking Adaptation in the Scaly Chinese Pangolin (Manis Pentadactyla Pentadactyla: Pholidota) Compared with the Partially Osteoderm-Clad Armadillos (Dasypodidae). Anat. Rec., 298 (7): 1217–1236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23170
Luxinger, A.O., Cavali, J., Porto, M.O., Sales-Neto, H.M., Lago, A.A. and Freitas, R.T.F. (2018). Morphometric measurements applied in the evaluation of Arapaima gigas body components. Aquaculture. 489: 80–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.01.044
De Melo, B.A., Nascimento, I. de M., dos Santos, L.T.A., de Lima, L.G., de Araújo, F.C.T., Rios, R.R.S., Couto, A. de G. and Fraga, A.B. (2018) Body morphometric measurements in murrah crossbred buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). J. Appl. An. Res., 46 (1): 1307–1312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2018.1502669
Olopade, J.O., Igado, O.O., Nwafor, C.I., Alamu, A.O. and Onwuka, S.K. (2011). Some aspects of the craniofacial indices and macro neurometrics of the Nigerian local pig (Sus scrofa). IJAE, 116 (1): 38–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-1090
Olopade, J.O., Kwari, H.D., Shawulu, J.C., Ofua, M. and Onwuka, S.K. (2007) Some aspects of the neurometrics of the Sahel goat in Nigeria. Eur. J. Anat., 11 (2): 101–104.
Onar, V. and Günes, H. (2003). On the variability of skull shape in German shepherd (Alsatian) puppies. The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 272A (1): 460–466. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.10052
Semakula, J., Mutetikka, D., Kugonza, D.R. and Mpairwe, D. (2010) Variability in Body Morphometric Measurements and Their Application in Predicting Live Body Weight of Mubende and Small East African Goat Breeds in Uganda. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 5 (2): 98–105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/aj.2010.89.97
Shepherd, C., Connelly, E., Hywood, L. and Cassey, P. (2017) Taking a stand against illegal wildlife trade: the Zimbabwean approach to pangolin conservation. Oryx. 51 (2): 280–285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605316000119
Wang, B., Yang, W., Sherman, V.R. and Meyers, M.A. (2016) Pangolin armor: Overlapping, structure, and mechanical properties of the keratinous scales. Acta Biomaterialia., 4160–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.028
Waterman, C., Pietersen, D.W., Soewu, D., Hywood, L. and Rankin, P. (2014) Phataginus tricuspis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014.